Some misunderstanding can be treated with a simple explanation. Others end up with friendships or marriages. The most fearful misunderstanding is those among the great nuclear armed powers. In October 1962, near the peak Cuban missile crisisSoftei submarine in the Caribbean Sea is shaken on in -depth charges from an American ship. He was convinced that he was being attacked, the submarine commander decided to launch a nuclear Torbid. His deputy officer, who was required to agree. I believe that the depth charges were not an attack but a sign, at a moment when the submarine was very deep underwater to receive radio transport. As it turned out, the deputy officer was correct: The submarine was absent from the announcement that the US Navy “will urge” any ship that violates a recently imposed siege from marine traffic to the surface and identifying identity. Preventing the Soviet officer prevented an escalation to the nuclear war.
This incident that opens “Mixed signals: strange communication through the iron curtain“By the historian of science Rebecca Scharbono, it is just one of many microscopic calls in the Cold War. This was an obsessed era with signals and monitoring, but it is terrible in direct communication. Employment and lack of confidence conducted an open dialogue between the United States and the Soviet Union is almost impossible. Even when when One side spoke frankly, the other searches for hidden business schedules and hidden motives.
These tense geopolitical conditions raised hopes in another type of super communication: the exchange of messages between Earth and advanced civilizations outside the earth. A year before the Cuban missile crisis, the Soviet Union sent the first person to outer space. The journey of space actions Yuri Gagarin was the largest victory so far in the US Soviet Space Race, the cousin of the least -ranging arms race between the two countries. This international competition was born in a series of unprecedented efforts to contact outside the ground, led by scientists who were dreaming of harmony on and outside the ground.
As Sharpono appears, the Cold War sought Intelligence outside the ground It was about communicating with other human beings as much as he was looking for foreigners. When the Soviet Union sent the first Morse Code to Venus, in 1962, he used frequency manipulation to clarify the Russian word “PEACE”, followed by “Lenin” and “the Soviet Union”. The flower was unlikely to make a lot of this sequence. The Americans, on the other hand, got this point. But scientists interested in conveying political concepts often found their attempts prohibited. Getting messages via iron curtain can be difficult as sending them to space.
The search for intelligence outside the planet has relied on wireless astronomy, a sub -line that studies the radio part of the electromagnetic spectrum – which is very long length of the length of human eyes. The field was established by the physicist and radio engineer Karl Ganski, who was working in 1933 Bell laboratory When the search for a fixed source began to disrupt the phone conversations. It has set it in an unexpected place: the middle of the Milky Way road.
Jansky’s work is the beginning of the dangerous scientific study of radio waves in outer space. But this field has not become a research priority in the United States until World War II, when it was of great value to its benefit in disturbing radar systems. The Cold War was a boom time for radio astronomers, whose huge telescopes were estimated for their ability to monitor enemy communications and tracking missiles. Flow with money, and discipline is made quickly. This was the beginning of a long tangle between astronomy, the military industrial complex, and the search for intelligence outside the ground.
Radio astronomy was still an emerging technique, however, the scarcity of high -tech tools prompted sudden rings of international cooperation. In 1957, it launched the Soviet Union SputnikThe first man -made satellite for the Earth’s car. The Guudrill Bank in England was only one in the west, the Guudrill Bank in England, a telescope with a large equivalent dish enough to track the missile that fired the satellite. This was a source of a great warning to the United States, as the launch missile was like a ballistic missile between the continents with enough energy to carry a hydrogen bomb. When the land turned and the missile moved from the point of view of the Bank of Guudres, the United States was unable to eat the stick – the Soviets, who soon asked to help find their own missile. For years, the British Observatory was in a strange position in monitoring American and Soviet missile launch operations and space missions.
In 1963, the physicist Bernard Luville, who developed the massive geckl telescope, was invited on a visit to the new radio facility in the Soviet Union in the Crimea. Leville helped confirm a Soviet victory by locating the Sputnik missile, and now he was famous in the Soviet Union. His scientific curiosity should be intense: he would have become the first western to visit the new observatory and measure the extent of Soviet progress in radio astronomy. As British intelligence explained, he was also expected to report what he saw to Mi6.
The Soviets also tried to attract Luville to conspiracies. In Moscow, near the end of Leville’s trip, the head of the Science Academy at the Soviet Union offered to build a larger telescope than those in Guoderill if it remains in the Soviet Union. Meanwhile, a mysterious strange person approached Loville to seek help in arranging the great iosif shklovsky split, eccentric, professor of astronomical physics and a major figure in the Soviet space program. It was not clear that Shakeovsky would be in danger, so he refused.
It caught in these political games, and lovel became crazy with greatness. After returning to England, he fell ill, and he was convinced that the Soviets have explained him by trying to wash a brain or even killing him, perhaps with the help of radar beam by telescope. Perhaps it was influenced by popular culture for today: the movie.Mansouri candidate“It came out in the previous year, as it included a conspiracy that included a veteran war of the Communist kidnappers and sent to assassinate the presidential candidate of an American political party.
During the Cold War, the United States referred to the point of celebrating scientific freedom, but the government -funded research has been formed with political priorities and new discoveries were quickly developed in military uses. In the Soviet Union, all research has been completed under the auspices of the state. The scientific results that seemed to undermine the central principles of Soviet policy, as, for example, were when the field of classic genetics, with its focus on the specific forces of heredity, became taboo.
In the worst days Stalin cleansingIn his nineties, scientists were among those who were arrested on suspended charges, imprisonment or execution. “Astronomers” began when an astronomer failed in a doctorate. The nomination exam and tightened the professor who managed the test. In light of torture, the astronomer has admitted the arrested astronomer with an unstable conspiracy that is not present among his colleagues. The range of twenty to twenty percent of astronomers in the Soviet Union were passed in the arrests that followed.
The political persecution of scientists continued after Stalin’s death, despite less deadly results. Those who spoke in defense of human rights are often deprived of the concession to travel abroad. This was the case for Clavski, the physicist who was asked to help the defect. In 1973, Shklovsky refused to sign a letter condemning Andrei Sakharov, a leading nuclear physicist who turned into human rights defender, and wrote his own message that defends Sakharov. As a result, SHKLOVSKY has the right to attend international scientific meetings.
But ideology also gave a reason to believe in civilizations outside the planet, which they hoped that workers would unite not only from the world but from the galaxy. In the fifties of the nineteenth century, some Soviet Estopotanis argued that dialectical materialism dictates that life outside the planet must exist, because the absence of life evidence on Mars or Venus would refute the basis of philosophical communism. In 1962, this thinking contributed to a dramatic warning, in 1962, when a Soviet correspondent offended a scientist and issued a telegram from the Central News Agency, which announced that Soviet astronomers had received signals from outer space. The news caused a brief international feeling. After the announcement of the advertisement, the episode was used to discredit Soviet scientists, although it was the most blaming press.
SHKLOVSKY was one of the leading Soviet search characters for life outside the Earth. He is famous for all of the wonderful scientific developments and strange theories. MarsMoles, a hollow satellite made of foreigners. He was keen to share and discuss his theories and results with similar colleagues in thinking all over the world-for example, with American astronomer Karl Sagan, and perhaps the highest supporter in the world in searching for intelligence outside the planet. However, confined to the Soviet Union, he struggled with Shklovsky to communicate with his peers abroad. The mail was confiscated to and from the Soviet Union by the Soviets, and the scientific results were severely monitored. Astronomers outside the Soviet Union faced a problem confirming the results of their Soviet counterparts, and legitimate discoveries were often rejected by Westerners as deception or errors.
Cooperation was more exciting when astronomers and physicists were recruited in spy games – a painful task for those who had sincere relationships with their colleagues and believe in sincerity in the objective nature of the scientific endeavor. In 1960, when he was a young man, Sagan met a Soviet scientist visiting Los Angeles. After their meeting, Sagan was pumped for information by Air Force Intelligence officer who denies as a translator. He was keen to share his new discoveries, Sagan told the man everything, and he was angry when he learned that he was tampered with. This episode helped inspire Sagan’s vision to search for intelligence outside the planet that would exceed the national borders. He and his colleagues were radio astronomers, and members of the discipline that lies in the heart of monitoring the Cold War, dreaming better to listen: one has strengthened peace and cooperation instead of competition and trick.
In 1971, scientists from the United States and the Soviet Union hosted a joint conference on communication with life outside the planet, which included discussion of a radio telescope that stretches on the Israeli -Egyptian border. One of the hopes in that era was that the search for life outside the planet can bring peace on this planet by allowing humans to look at themselves as “earthly speeches” instead of citizens from different countries. Andrei Sakharov think about a chart that sends messages out of the ground while promoting nuclear disarmament: thermal nuclear bombs can be detonated safely in space and doubled as “Flashlamps” to transfer regular signals to foreigners.
Détente, a process of softening the United States relations that Nixon started, was coded through the 1975 joint APOLLO-Soyuz mission. In orbit, both American and Soviet space capsules were attracted. A US astronaut shook hands with the Silver Silver Silver in space, and listened to the American Rock War song, “Why can we not be friends?” Apollo prevented the sun so that Soyuz could depict the solar corona. Before the mission, Soviet leader Leonid Breniev declared, “From outer space our planet seems more beautiful. It is large enough for us to live quietly.”
